Structural unemployment can be caused by a mismatch in worker skills and available jobs, such as occurs in industries undergoing technological advancements. F rictional unemployment causes the unemployment rate to be nonzero and is the result of temporary transitions in workers’ lives, such as when a worker moves to a new city and must find a job or a recent college graduate enters the job market (Dubina 2017). People who are not looking for a job, such as a stay-at-home parent, are not included in the labor force. The unemployment rate is defined as the proportion of the labor force-people who are either working or actively looking for work-who are not working (BLS 2020b). The unemployment rate is a long-standing key labor market indicator used to measure the performance of the labor market and the strength of the economy (ILO 2019). (See the Glossary section for definition of non-S&E occupations.) Unemployment (See the Glossary section for definitions of middle-skill occupations and non-STEM occupations.) Hence, workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher in non-S&E occupations include those in middle-skill and non-STEM occupations. (See the Glossary section for definitions of S&E occupations and S&E-related occupations.) The primary data source for the analysis of STEM workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher, NCSES’s NSCG, does not separately identify workers in middle-skill occupations from those in non-STEM occupations. It also presents data on the labor market outcomes of workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher in a subset of STEM occupations-that is, S&E and S&E-related occupations. This section examines the unemployment, working involuntarily part time or in a position not in one’s degree field, salary, and distribution of STEM workers throughout the U.S. Despite variation by occupation and level of education, workers in STEM occupations tend to have higher salaries and lower unemployment rates than their non-STEM counterparts. Data suggest that labor market outcomes are generally favorable for workers in STEM occupations compared to workers in non-STEM occupations. Indicators of labor market conditions and salaries provide information on economic rewards and the overall attractiveness of STEM careers.
Salary Differences across Sex and Race or Ethnicity.Representation of Race or Ethnicity in STEM.
Participation of Demographic Groups in STEM Expand collapse.Geographic Distribution of the STEM Workforce.Working Involuntarily Part Time or Out of One’s Field of Highest Degree.STEM Labor Market Conditions and the Economy Expand collapse.Application of STEM Skills and Expertise by Non-S&E Workers.Education and Training of Workers in STEM.STEM Pathways: Degree Attainment, Training, and Occupations Expand collapse.A New Expanded Definition of the STEM Workforce.A Traditional Definition: S&E Workers in the STEM Workforce.
STEM Workforce: Definition, Size, and Growth Expand collapse
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